Kemal Atatürk [1] (or additionally written as Kamâl Atatürk, Mustafa Kemal Pasha [a] until 1934, typically referred to as Mustafa Kemal Atatürk; [b] 1881 [c]-- 10 November 1938), was a Turkish field marshal, innovative statesman, author, and the creator of the Republic of Turkey, acting as its first President from 1923 until his death in 1938. His good-hearted dictatorship carried out sweeping progressive reforms, which modernized Turkey into a secular, commercial nation.Ideologically a secularist and nationalist, his policies and theories ended up being referred to as Kemalism. Due to his military and political achievements, Atatürk is concerned according to research studies as one of the best leaders of the 20th century.
Atatürk pertained to prominence for his function in protecting the Ottoman Turkish success at the Battle of Gallipoli (1915) during World War I. Following the defeat and dissolution of the Ottoman Empire, he led the Turkish National Motion, which withstood mainland Turkey's partition among the victorious Allied powers. Developing a provisionary government in the contemporary Turkish capital Ankara, he defeated the forces sent by the Allies, thus emerging triumphant from what was later on referred to as the Turkish War of Independence. He consequently proceeded to abolish the shabby Ottoman Empire and proclaimed the foundation of the Turkish Republic in its location.
As the president of the recently formed Turkish Republic, Atatürk initiated a strenuous program of political, economic, and cultural reforms with the supreme aim of constructing a contemporary, progressive and nonreligious nation-state. He made primary education free and mandatory, opening countless brand-new schools all over the country. He also presented the Latin-based Turkish alphabet, changing the old Ottoman Turkish alphabet. Turkish women received equivalent civil and political rights during Atatürk's presidency ahead of lots of Western nations. [8] In specific, females were offered ballot rights in regional elections by Act no. 1580 on 3 April 1930 and a few years later, in 1934, complete universal suffrage, earlier than a lot of other democracies worldwide.
His government carried out a policy of Turkicisation, attempting to develop an uniform and unified country. Under Atatürk, non-Turkish minorities were pressured to speak Turkish in public, non-Turkish toponyms and last names of minorities needed to be changed to Turkish performances. The Turkish Parliament approved him the surname Atatürk in 1934, which implies "Dad of the Turks", in acknowledgment of the function he played in constructing the modern Turkish Republic. [16] He died on 10 November 1938 at Dolmabahçe Palace in Istanbul, at the age of 57 he was succeeded as President by his long-time Prime Minister İsmet İnönü [18] and was honored with a state funeral service. His renowned mausoleum in Ankara, constructed and opened in 1953, is surrounded by a park called the Peace Park in honor of his popular expression "Peace at House, Peace on the planet".
In 1981, the centennial of Atatürk's birth, his memory was Click here honoured by the United Nations and UNESCO, which declared it The Atatürk Year in the World and embraced the Resolution on the Atatürk Centennial, explaining him as "the leader of the very first struggle provided versus manifest destiny and imperialism" and a "impressive promoter of the sense of understanding between peoples and resilient peace between the nations of the world which he worked all his life for the development of harmony and cooperation in between individuals without difference". [19] [20] Atatürk is honored by many memorials and locations named in his honor throughout Turkey and the world. Eleftherios Venizelos, former Prime Minister of Greece, forwarded Atatürk's name for the 1934 Nobel Peace Reward.